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Before you choose a solution, you agree what problem you're solving and what a good outcome looks like. Then you look at real alternatives. Then you commit money in phases - a bit at a time - and at each decision gate someone with authority genuinely decides whether to keep going. That's it. That's the whole thing.

Scope, concept selection and execution strategy are settled during the owner's front-end phase. The EPC contractor inherits those decisions, then carries the blame when the project misses its numbers. That is a framing problem, not a delivery problem — and it is fixable, but only upstream.